Model Clinical Case Study for Ernestine Wiedenbachs Theory of the Helping Art of Nursing
In this guide for nursing theories, we aim to help yous understand what comprises a nursing theory and its importance, purpose, history, types, or classifications, and give y'all an overview through summaries of selected nursing theories.
What are Nursing Theories?
Nursing theories are organized bodies of knowledge to define what nursing is, what nurses practice, and why they exercise it. Nursing theories provide a style to ascertain nursing as a unique discipline that is split up from other disciplines (e.g., medicine). Information technology is a framework of concepts and purposes intended to guide nursing do at a more physical and specific level.
Nursing, as a profession, is committed to recognizing its own unparalleled body of knowledge vital to nursing practise—nursing science. To distinguish this foundation of knowledge, nurses demand to identify, develop, and understand concepts and theories in line with nursing. As a science, nursing is based on the theory of what nursing is, what nurses practice, and why. Nursing is a unique discipline and is separate from medicine. It has its ain body of noesis on which delivery of care is based.
Defining Terms
The development of nursing theory demands an understanding of selected terminologies, definitions, and assumptions.
- Philosophy. These are beliefs and values that ascertain a manner of thinking and are generally known and understood past a group or discipline.
- Theory. A belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed equally the ground of action. It refers to a logical grouping of general propositions used as principles of explanation. Theories are also used to describe, predict, or command phenomena.
- Concept. Concepts are ofttimes called the building blocks of theories. They are primarily the vehicles of thought that involve images.
- Models. Models are representations of the interaction among and between the concepts showing patterns. They present an overview of the theory's thinking and may demonstrate how theory can be introduced into practice.
- Conceptual framework. A conceptual framework is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. It is often used interchangeably with the conceptual model and with grand theories.
- Suggestion. Propositions are statements that describe the relationship between the concepts.
- Domain. The domain is the perspective or territory of a profession or discipline.
- Procedure. Processes are organized steps, changes, or functions intended to bring most the desired result.
- Paradigm. A paradigm refers to a pattern of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world, worldview, or widely accustomed value system.
- Metaparadigm. A metaparadigm is the most general argument of discipline and functions equally a framework in which the more restricted structures of conceptual models develop. Much of the theoretical work in nursing focused on articulating relationships amid iv major concepts: person, environment, health, and nursing.
History of Nursing Theories
The first nursing theories appeared in the late 1800s when a strong emphasis was placed on nursing instruction.
- In 1860, Florence Nightingale divers nursing in her "Environmental Theory" as "the act of utilizing the patient'southward surround to assist him in his recovery."
- In the 1950s, in that location is a consensus amidst nursing scholars that nursing needed to validate itself through the product of its own scientifically tested body of knowledge.
- In 1952, Hildegard Peplau introduced her Theory of Interpersonal Relations that emphasizes the nurse-client human relationship as the foundation of nursing do.
- In 1955, Virginia Henderson conceptualized the nurse'southward role equally assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 cardinal needs. Thus her Nursing Need Theory was adult.
- In 1960, Faye Abdellah published her work "Typology of 21 Nursing Problems," which shifted the focus of nursing from a disease-centered approach to a patient-centered approach.
- In 1962, Ida Jean Orlando emphasized the reciprocal relationship betwixt patient and nurse and viewed nursing's professional function equally finding out and meeting the patient's immediate need for help.
- In 1968, Dorothy Johnson pioneered the Behavioral Arrangement Model and upheld the fostering of efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness.
- In 1970, Martha Rogers viewed nursing as both a science and an art as it provides a way to view the unitary man being, who is integral with the universe.
- In 1971, Dorothea Orem stated in her theory that nursing care is required if the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs.
- In 1971, Imogene King'south Theory of Goal attainment stated that the nurse is considered part of the patient's environment and the nurse-patient human relationship is for meeting goals towards good health.
- In 1972, Betty Neuman, in her theory, states that many needs exist, and each may disrupt client balance or stability. Stress reduction is the goal of the system model of nursing practice.
- In 1979, Sr. Callista Roy viewed the private every bit a set of interrelated systems that maintain the rest between these various stimuli.
- In 1979, Jean Watson developed the philosophy of caring, highlighted humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine with scientific knowledge and nursing practice.
4 major concepts are frequently interrelated and fundamental to nursing theory: person, environs, health, and nursing. These iv are collectively referred to equally metaparadigm for nursing.
Person
Person (as well referred to as Client or Human Beings) is the recipient of nursing care and may include individuals, patients, groups, families, and communities.
Surround
Environment (or situation) is divers equally the internal and external surround that affect the client. Information technology includes all positive or negative conditions that impact the patient, the physical environment, such equally families, friends, and significant others, and the setting for where they become for their healthcare.
Health
Health is defined as the degree of wellness or well-existence that the client experiences. It may have different meanings for each patient, the clinical setting, and the health care provider.
Nursing
The nurse's attributes, characteristics, and deportment provide care on behalf of or in conjunction with the client. At that place are numerous definitions of nursing, though nursing scholars may have difficulty agreeing on its verbal definition. The ultimate goal of nursing theories is to improve patient care.
You'll observe that these four concepts are used frequently and defined differently throughout different nursing theories. Each nurse theorist'south definition varies by their orientation, nursing feel, and unlike factors that bear upon the theorist's nursing view. The person is the main focus, but how each theorist defines the nursing metaparadigm gives a unique have specific to a particular theory. To requite yous an example, below are the different definitions of various theorists on the nursing metaparadigm:
Components of Nursing Theories
For a theory to be a theory, information technology has to contain concepts, definitions, relational statements, and assumptions that explain a phenomenon. It should also explicate how these components chronicle to each other.
Phenomenon
A term given to draw an idea or response about an upshot, a situation, a process, a group of events, or a group of situations. Phenomena may be temporary or permanent. Nursing theories focus on the phenomena of nursing.
Concepts
Interrelated concepts define a theory. Concepts are used to assist depict or label a phenomenon. They are words or phrases that identify, define, and institute structure and boundaries for ideas generated nearly a particular phenomenon. Concepts may exist abstract or concrete.
- Abstract Concepts. Divers as mentally constructed independently of a specific time or place.
- Concrete Concepts. Are straight experienced and related to a item time or place.
Definitions
Definitions are used to convey the full general meaning of the concepts of the theory. Definitions tin be theoretical or operational.
- Theoretical Definitions. Define a particular concept based on the theorist's perspective.
- Operational Definitions. States how concepts are measured.
Relational Statements
Relational statements define the relationships between two or more concepts. They are the bondage that link concepts to i some other.
Assumptions
Assumptions are accepted every bit truths and are based on values and beliefs. These statements explain the nature of concepts, definitions, purpose, relationships, and structure of a theory.
Why are Nursing Theories Important?
Nursing theories are the footing of nursing practise today. In many cases, nursing theory guides noesis evolution and directs education, enquiry, and exercise. Historically, nursing was not recognized as an academic subject or as a profession we view today. Before nursing theories were developed, nursing was considered to be a job-oriented occupation. The training and function of nurses were under the direction and command of the medical profession. Allow's take a wait at the importance of nursing theory and its significance to nursing practice:
- Nursing theories assistance recognize what should set the foundation of practice by explicitly describing nursing.
- By defining nursing, a nursing theory too helps nurses empathise their purpose and role in the healthcare setting.
- Theories serve as a rationale or scientific reasons for nursing interventions and give nurses the knowledge base necessary for acting and responding appropriately in nursing intendance situations.
- Nursing theories provide the foundations of nursing practise, generate further knowledge, and indicate which direction nursing should develop in the future (Chocolate-brown, 1964).
- By providing nurses a sense of identity, nursing theory can assistance patients, managers, and other healthcare professionals to admit and understand the unique contribution that nurses make to the healthcare service (Draper, 1990).
- Nursing theories prepare the nurses to reflect on the assumptions and question the nursing values, thus further defining nursing and increasing the knowledge base.
- Nursing theories aim to define, predict, and demonstrate nursing miracle (Chinn and Jacobs, 1978).
- It tin exist regarded as an try past the nursing profession to maintain and preserve its professional limits and boundaries.
- In many cases, nursing theories guide noesis development and directs education, research, and practice, although each influences the others. (Fitzpatrick and Whall, 2005).
Purposes of Nursing Theories
The primary purpose of theory in nursing is to better practice by positively influencing the health and quality of life of patients. Nursing theories are also adult to ascertain and depict nursing care, guide nursing practice, and provide a basis for clinical conclusion-making. In the past, the accomplishments of nursing led to the recognition of nursing in an academic subject field, inquiry, and profession.
In Bookish Subject field
Much of the earlier nursing programs identified the major concepts in i or two nursing models, organized the concepts, and build an unabridged nursing curriculum around the created framework. These models' unique language was typically introduced into program objectives, course objectives, form descriptions, and clinical performance criteria. The purpose was to explain the fundamental implications of the profession and enhance the profession'due south status.
In Inquiry
The development of theory is central to the research process, where information technology is necessary to use theory as a framework to provide perspective and guidance to the research study. Theory can besides exist used to guide the research procedure by creating and testing phenomena of involvement. To better the nursing profession's ability to meet societal duties and responsibilities, there needs to be a continuous reciprocal and cyclical connection with theory, practice, and research. This will help connect the perceived "gap" between theory and practice and promote the theory-guided practice.
In Profession
Clinical practice generates research questions and knowledge for theory. In a clinical setting, its chief contribution has been the facilitation of reflecting, questioning, and thinking about what nurses exercise. Considering nurses and nursing practice are often subordinate to powerful institutional forces and traditions, introducing any framework that encourages nurses to reflect on, question, and remember virtually what they do provide an invaluable service.
Classification of Nursing Theories
There are different ways to categorize nursing theories. They are classified depending on their function, levels of brainchild, or goal orientation.
By Abstraction
At that place are 3 major categories when classifying nursing theories based on their level of brainchild: grand theory, center-range theory, and practice-level theory.
Grand Nursing Theories
- M theories are abstract, wide in scope, and circuitous, therefore requiring further research for description.
- Grand nursing theories do not guide specific nursing interventions merely rather provide a general framework and nursing ideas.
- Grand nursing theorists develop their works based on their own experiences and their time, explaining why there is so much variation among theories.
- Address the nursing metaparadigm components of person, nursing, health, and environment.
Middle-Range Nursing Theories
- More express in telescopic (compared to m theories) and present concepts and propositions at a lower level of abstraction. They address a specific phenomenon in nursing.
- Due to the difficulty of testing thousand theories, nursing scholars proposed using this level of theory.
- Most middle-range theories are based on a chiliad theorist's works, but they can be conceived from research, nursing practise, or the theories of other disciplines.
Practice-Level Nursing Theories
- Practice nursing theories are situation-specific theories that are narrow in scope and focuses on a specific patient population at a specific time.
- Practice-level nursing theories provide frameworks for nursing interventions and propose outcomes or the effect of nursing do.
- Theories developed at this level have a more directly effect on nursing do than more abstruse theories.
- These theories are interrelated with concepts from middle-range theories or k theories.
By Goal Orientation
Theories tin as well be classified based on their goals. They can be descriptive or prescriptive .
Descriptive Theories
- Descriptive theories are the offset level of theory development. They describe the phenomena and identify its backdrop and components in which information technology occurs.
- Descriptive theories are non action-oriented or attempt to produce or change a situation.
- There are two types of descriptive theories: gene-isolating theory and explanatory theory .
Cistron-Isolating Theory
- Also known as category-formulating or labeling theory.
- Theories nether this category describe the properties and dimensions of phenomena.
Explanatory Theory
- Explanatory theories describe and explicate the nature of relationships of certain phenomena to other phenomena.
Prescriptive Theories
- Accost the nursing interventions for a phenomenon, guide practice change, and predict consequences.
- Includes propositions that call for change.
- In nursing, prescriptive theories are used to conceptualize the outcomes of nursing interventions.
Other Means of Classifying Nursing Theories
Classification Co-ordinate to Meleis
Afaf Ibrahim Meleis (2011), in her volumeTheoretical Nursing: Development and Progress, organizes the major nurse theories and models using the following headings: needs theories, interaction theories, and event theories. These categories indicate the basic philosophical underpinnings of the theories.
- Needs-Based Theories. The needs theorists were the kickoff grouping of nurses who thought of giving nursing intendance a conceptual order. Theories under this group are based on helping individuals to fulfill their physical and mental needs. Theories of Orem, Henderson, and Abdella are categorized under this group. Need theories are criticized for relying too much on the medical model of health and placing the patient in an overtly dependent position.
- Interaction Theories. These theories emphasized nursing on the establishment and maintenance of relationships. They highlighted the impact of nursing on patients and how they interact with the environment, people, and situations. Theories of King, Orlando, and Travelbee are grouped under this category.
- Outcome Theories. These theories describe the nurse as decision-making and directing patient care using their knowledge of the man physiological and behavioral systems. The nursing theories of Johnson, Levine, Rogers, and Roy vest to this group.
Classification According to Alligood
In her book, Nursing Theorists and Their Work, Raile Alligood (2017) categorized nursing theories into four headings: nursing philosophy, nursing conceptual models, nursing theories and grand theories, and center-range nursing theories.
- Nursing Philosophy. It is the most abstract blazon and sets forth the meaning of nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning, and logical presentation. Works of Nightingale, Watson, Ray, and Benner are categorized under this grouping.
- Nursing Conceptual Models. These are comprehensive nursing theories that are regarded by some as pioneers in nursing. These theories address the nursing metaparadigm and explain the human relationship betwixt them. Conceptual models of Levine, Rogers, Roy, King, and Orem are under this grouping.
- Grand Nursing Theories. Are works derived from nursing philosophies, conceptual models, and other chiliad theories that are generally not equally specific every bit heart-range theories. Works of Levine, Rogers, Orem, and King are some of the theories under this category.
- Middle-Range Theories. Are precise and answer specific nursing practice questions. They address the specifics of nursing situations within the model's perspective or theory from which they are derived. Examples of Middle-Range theories are that of Mercer, Reed, Mishel, and Barker.
List of Nursing Theories and Theorists
You've learned from the previous sections the definition of nursing theory, its significance in nursing, and its purpose in generating a nursing noesis base. This section volition give you an overview and summary of the diverse published works in nursing theory (in chronological guild). Deep dive into learning about the theory by clicking on the links provided for their biography and comprehensive review of their piece of work.
Florence Nightingale
See Also: Florence Nightingale: Environmental Theory and Biography
- Founder of Modern Nursing and Pioneer of the Ecology Theory.
- Defined Nursing as "the deed of utilizing the surround of the patient to assistance him in his recovery."
- Stated that nursing "ought to signify the proper utilize of fresh air, calorie-free, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and the proper selection and assistants of diet – all at the to the lowest degree expense of vital power to the patient."
- Identified v (5) environmental factors: fresh air, pure h2o, efficient drainage, cleanliness or sanitation, and light or directly sunlight.
Hildegard E. Peplau
See Also: Hildegard Peplau: Interpersonal Relations Theory
- Pioneered the Theory of Interpersonal Relations
- Peplau'due south theory divers Nursing as "An interpersonal procedure of therapeutic interactions between an individual who is sick or in need of wellness services and a nurse specially educated to recognize, respond to the need for help."
- Her work is influenced by Henry Stack Sullivan, Percival Symonds, Abraham Maslow, and Neal Elgar Miller.
- It helps nurses and healthcare providers develop more than therapeutic interventions in the clinical setting.
Virginia Henderson
See Also: Virginia Henderson: Nursing Demand Theory
- Developed the Nursing Demand Theory
- Focuses on the importance of increasing the patient'south independence to hasten their progress in the infirmary.
- Emphasizes the basic human needs and how nurses tin help in coming together those needs.
- "The nurse is expected to carry out a physician's therapeutic program, but individualized intendance is the outcome of the nurse's creativity in planning for care."
Faye Glenn Abdellah
Encounter Also: Faye Glenn Abdellah: 21 Nursing Problems Theory
- Developed the 21 Nursing Problems Theory
- "Nursing is based on an art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, ill or well, cope with their health needs."
- Inverse the focus of nursing from affliction-centered to patient-centered and began to include families and the elderly in nursing intendance.
- The nursing model is intended to guide care in infirmary institutions merely can also exist applied to customs wellness nursing, too.
Ernestine Wiedenbach
- Developed The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing conceptual model.
- Definition of nursing reflects on nurse-midwife experience as "People may differ in their concept of nursing, merely few would disagree that nursing is nurturing or caring for someone in a motherly fashion."
- Guides the nurse action in the art of nursing and specified four elements of clinical nursing: philosophy, purpose, practice, and art.
- Clinical nursing is focused on meeting the patient's perceived need for help in a vision of nursing that indicates considerable importance on the fine art of nursing.
Lydia E. Hall
See Likewise: Lydia Hall: Care, Cure, Core Theory
- Developed the Care, Cure, Core Theory is also known equally the "Three Cs of Lydia Hall."
- Hall defined Nursing as the "participation in care, cadre and cure aspects of patient intendance, where CARE is the sole function of nurses, whereas the CORE and CURE are shared with other members of the wellness team."
- The major purpose of care is to achieve an interpersonal relationship with the individual to facilitate the development of the core.
- The "intendance" circle defines a professional nurse'due south master function, such equally providing bodily care for the patient. The "core" is the patient receiving nursing care. The "cure" is the attribute of nursing that involves the administration of medications and treatments.
Joyce Travelbee
- States in her Human-to-Man Relationship Model that the purpose of nursing was to help and support an individual, family unit, or community to forbid or cope with the struggles of illness and suffering and, if necessary, to find significance in these occurrences, with the ultimate goal being the presence of hope.
- Nursing was accomplished through human-to-human relationships.
- Extended the interpersonal human relationship theories of Peplau and Orlando.
Kathryn Eastward. Barnard
- Developed the Kid Health Assessment Model.
- Concerns improving the health of infants and their families.
- Her findings on parent-child interaction every bit an important predictor of cognitive development helped shape public policy.
- She is the founder of the Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training Projection (NCAST), which produces and develops enquiry-based products, assessment, and training programs to teach professionals, parents, and other caregivers the skills to provide nurturing environments for young children.
- Borrows from psychology and human development and focuses on mother-baby interaction with the surroundings.
- Contributed a close link to do that has modified the manner health care providers appraise children in light of the parent-child human relationship.
Evelyn Adam
- Focuses on the development of models and theories on the concept of nursing.
- Includes the profession's goal, the casher of the professional service, the office of the professional, the source of the beneficiary's difficulty, the intervention of the professional, and the consequences.
- A proficient case of using a unique ground of nursing for further expansion.
Nancy Roper, Winifred Logan, and Alison J. Tierney
- A Model for Nursing Based on a Model of Living
- Logan produced a simple theory, "which really helped bedside nurses."
- The trio collaborated in the quaternary edition of The Elements of Nursing: A Model for Nursing Based on a Model of Living and prepared a monograph entitled The Roper-Logan-Tierney Model of Nursing: Based on Activities of Daily Living.
- Includes maintaining a condom surroundings, communicating, breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, personal cleansing and dressing, controlling body temperature, mobilizing, working and playing, expressing sexuality, sleeping, and dying.
Ida Jean Orlando
See As well: Ida Jean Orlando: Nursing Procedure Theory
- She adult the Nursing Process Theory.
- "Patients have their own meanings and interpretations of situations, and therefore nurses must validate their inferences and analyses with patients before cartoon conclusions."
- Allows nurses to formulate an effective nursing care plan that tin can also be easily adapted when and if any complexity comes upward with the patient.
- Co-ordinate to her, persons become patients requiring nursing intendance when they have needs for assist that cannot exist met independently because of their physical limitations, negative reactions to an environment, or experience that prevents them from communicating their needs.
- The role of the nurse is to discover out and encounter the patient'south immediate needs for help.
Jean Watson
Come across Also: Jean Watson: Theory of Human being Caring
- She pioneered the Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring.
- "Nursing is concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the ill, and restoring health."
- Mainly concerns with how nurses care for their patients and how that caring progresses into better plans to promote health and wellness, prevent disease and restore health.
- Focuses on health promotion, every bit well every bit the treatment of diseases.
- Caring is central to nursing practice and promotes health amend than a unproblematic medical cure.
Marilyn Anne Ray
- Developed the Theory of Bureaucratic Caring
- "Improved patient safety, infection command, reduction in medication errors, and overall quality of care in complex bureaucratic wellness care systems cannot occur without cognition and understanding of complex organizations, such as the political and economic systems, and spiritual-ethical caring, pity and right action for all patients and professionals."
- Challenges participants in nursing to retrieve across their usual frame of reference and envision the world holistically while considering the universe as a hologram.
- Presents a different view of how health intendance organizations and nursing phenomena interrelate as wholes and parts in the organization.
Patricia Benner
- Caring, Clinical Wisdom, and Ethics in Nursing Practise
- "The nurse-patient relationship is not a uniform, professionalized blueprint but rather a kaleidoscope of intimacy and distance in some of the virtually dramatic, poignant, and mundane moments of life."
- Attempts to assert and reestablish nurses' caring practices when nurses are rewarded more for efficiency, technical skills, and measurable outcomes.
- States that caring practices are instilled with knowledge and skill regarding everyday human needs.
Kari Martinsen
- Philosophy of Caring
- "Nursing is founded on caring for life, on neighborly love, […]At the same time, the nurse must exist professionally educated."
- Human beings are created and are beings for whom we may have authoritative responsibility.
- Caring, solidarity, and moral practice are unavoidable realities.
Katie Eriksson
- Theory of Carative Caring
- "Caritative nursing means that we take 'caritas' into use when caring for the man in wellness and suffering […] Caritative caring is a manifestation of the dearest that 'merely exists' […] Caring communion, true caring, occurs when the i caring in a spirit of caritas alleviates the suffering of the patient."
- The ultimate goal of caring is to lighten suffering and serve life and health.
- Inspired many in the Nordic countries and used it as the basis of research, didactics, and clinical practice.
Myra Estrin Levine
Run into Also: Myra Estrin Levine: Conservation Model for Nursing
- According to the Conservation Model, "Nursing is homo interaction."
- Provides a framework within which to teach start nursing students.
- Logically congruent, externally and internally consistent, has breadth and depth, and is understood, with few exceptions, by professionals and consumers of health care.
Martha E. Rogers
Come across Besides: Martha Rogers: Theory of Unitary Human Beings
- In Roger'southward Theory of Human Beings, she defined Nursing as "an art and science that is humanistic and humanitarian.
- The Science of Unitary Human Beings contains ii dimensions: the science of nursing, which is the knowledge specific to the field of nursing that comes from scientific research; and the art of nursing, which involves using nursing creatively to help better the lives of the patient.
- A patient can't exist separated from his or her environs when addressing health and treatment.
Dorothea Eastward. Orem
See Too: Dorothea E. Orem: Self-Care Theory
- In her Self-Intendance Theory, she defined Nursing as "The human action of assisting others in the provision and management of cocky-intendance to maintain or amend human functioning at the home level of effectiveness."
- Focuses on each private'southward ability to perform self-care.
- Composed of 3 interrelated theories: (1) the theory of self-intendance, (2) the self-care deficit theory, and (iii) the theory of nursing systems, which is further classified into wholly compensatory, partially compensatory, and supportive-educative.
Imogene M. King
Run into Also: Imogene One thousand. King: Theory of Goal Attainment
- Conceptual Arrangement and Center-Range Theory of Goal Attainment
- "Nursing is a process of action, reaction and interaction by which nurse and client share information nigh their perception in a nursing situation" and "a process of human being interactions betwixt nurse and customer whereby each perceives the other and the situation, and through advice, they set up goals, explore means, and concord on means to achieve goals."
- Focuses on this process to guide and straight nurses in the nurse-patient relationship, going hand-in-hand with their patients to see good health goals.
- Explains that the nurse and patient go hand-in-hand in communicating information, set up goals together, and so accept actions to achieve those goals.
Betty Neuman
Meet Too: Betty Neuman: Neuman'southward Systems Model
- In Neuman's System Model, she defined nursing every bit a "unique profession in that is concerned with all of the variables affecting an individual's response to stress."
- The focus is on the client every bit a system (which may be an individual, family unit, group, or community) and on the client'southward responses to stressors.
- The client organization includes five variables (physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual). It is conceptualized as an inner core (basic energy resources) surrounded by concentric circles that include lines of resistance, a normal defense line, and a flexible line of defense.
Sis Callista Roy
Meet Besides: Sis Callista Roy: Accommodation Model of Nursing
- In Adaptation Model, Roy defined nursing as a "wellness care profession that focuses on human life processes and patterns and emphasizes the promotion of wellness for individuals, families, groups, and club every bit a whole."
- Views the private every bit a set of interrelated systems that strives to maintain a balance between diverse stimuli.
- Inspired the evolution of many middle-range nursing theories and adaptation instruments.
Dorothy E. Johnson
Run into Also: Dorothy E. Johnson:Behavioral Systems Model
- The Behavioral System Model defined Nursing as "an external regulatory force that acts to preserve the organisation and integrate the patients' behaviors at an optimum level under those conditions in which the beliefs constitutes a threat to the physical or social health or in which illness is found."
- Advocates to foster efficient and effective behavioral performance in the patient to prevent illness and stresses the importance of research-based knowledge nigh the event of nursing intendance on patients.
- Describes the person every bit a behavioral system with seven subsystems: the achievement, attachment-affiliative, aggressive-protective, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, and sexual subsystems.
Anne Boykin and Savina O. Schoenhofer
- The Theory of Nursing as Caring: A Model for Transforming Practise
- Nursing is an "exquisitely interwoven" unity of aspects of the subject area and profession of nursing.
- Nursing'south focus and aim every bit a discipline of cognition and a professional service are "nurturing persons living to intendance and growing in caring."
- Caring in nursing is "an altruistic, active expression of love, and is the intentional and embodied recognition of value and connectedness."
Afaf Ibrahim Meleis
- Transitions Theory
- It began with observations of experiences faced as people deal with changes related to health, well-being, and the ability to care for themselves.
- Types of transitions include developmental, health and illness, situational, and organizational.
- Acknowledges the role of nurses equally they help people get through health/illness and life transitions.
- Focuses on profitable nurses in facilitating patients', families', and communities' healthy transitions.
Nola J. Pender
Come across As well: Nola Pender: Health Promotion Model
- Health Promotion Model
- Describes the interaction betwixt the nurse and the consumer while considering the role of the health promotion environs.
- It focuses on 3 areas: private characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and impact, and behavioral outcomes.
- Describes the multidimensional nature of persons as they interact inside their environs to pursue wellness.
Madeleine Yard. Leininger
See Also:Madeleine G. Leininger: Transcultural Nursing Theory
- Culture Care Theory of Variety and Universality
- Divers transcultural nursing as "a substantive expanse of report and exercise focused on comparative cultural care (caring) values, behavior, and practices of individuals or groups of similar or dissimilar cultures to provide civilisation-specific and universal nursing care practices in promoting health or well-beingness or to assist people to face unfavorable human weather, disease, or death in culturally meaningful ways."
- Involves learning and understanding diverse cultures regarding nursing and health-disease caring practices, behavior, and values to implement significant and efficient nursing care services to people according to their cultural values and health-illness context.
- It focuses on the fact that various cultures have dissimilar and unique caring behaviors and different health and affliction values, beliefs, and patterns of behaviors.
Margaret A. Newman
- Health as Expanding Consciousness
- "Nursing is the procedure of recognizing the patient in relation to the environs, and it is the procedure of the agreement of consciousness."
- "The theory of health as expanding consciousness was stimulated by business for those for whom health as the absence of affliction or inability is non possible . . . "
- Nursing is regarded as a connection between the nurse and patient, and both grow in the sense of higher levels of consciousness.
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
- Human Becoming Theory
- "Nursing is a science, and the performing art of nursing is adept in relationships with persons (individuals, groups, and communities) in their processes of becoming."
- Explains that a person is more than the sum of the parts, the surround, and the person is inseparable and that nursing is a human scientific discipline and art that uses an abstract body of knowledge to help people.
- Information technology centered effectually three themes: meaning, rhythmicity, and transcendence.
Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn Chiliad. Tomlin, and Mary Ann P. Swain
- Modeling and Role-Modeling
- "Nursing is the holistic helping of persons with their self-care activities in relation to their wellness . . . The goal is to achieve a state of perceived optimum wellness and delectation."
- Modeling is a procedure that allows nurses to understand the unique perspective of a customer and learn to appreciate its importance.
- Role-modeling occurs when the nurse plans and implements interventions that are unique for the client.
Gladys Fifty. Husted and James H. Husted
- Created the Symphonological Bioethical Theory
- "Symphonology (from 'symphonia,' a Greek word meaning agreement) is a system of ideals based on the terms and preconditions of an agreement."
- Nursing cannot occur without both nurse and patient. "A nurse takes no deportment that are not interactions."
- Founded on the singular concept of human being rights, the essential agreement of non-assailment among rational people forms the foundation of all human interaction.
Ramona T. Mercer
- Maternal Function Attainment—Becoming a Mother
- "Nursing is a dynamic profession with three major foci: health promotion and prevention of illness, providing treat those who need professional person assist to achieve their optimal level of health and functioning, and inquiry to enhance the knowledge base for providing splendid nursing care."
- "Nurses are the health professionals having the near sustained and intense interaction with women in the motherhood cycle."
- Maternal role attainment is an interactional and developmental procedure occurring over fourth dimension. The female parent becomes attached to her infant, acquires competence in the caretaking tasks involved in the office, and expresses pleasance and gratification. (Mercer, 1986).
- Provides proper health care interventions for nontraditional mothers for them to favorably adopt a strong maternal identity.
Merle H. Mishel
- Uncertainty in Illness Theory
- Presents a comprehensive structure to view the experience of astute and chronic illness and organize nursing interventions to promote optimal adjustment.
- Describes how individuals form meaning from illness-related situations.
- The original theory'southward concepts were organized in a linear model around the following three major themes: Antecedents of uncertainty, Process of dubiety appraisement, and Coping with doubt.
Pamela G. Reed
- Self-Transcendence Theory
- Self-transcendence refers to the fluctuation of perceived boundaries that extend the person (or self) beyond the immediate and constricted views of self and the world (Reed, 1997).
- Has three basic concepts: vulnerability, cocky-transcendence, and well-being.
- Gives insight into the developmental nature of humans associated with wellness circumstances connected to nursing intendance.
Carolyn L. Wiener and Marylin J. Dodd
- Theory of Disease Trajectory
- "The doubt surrounding a chronic affliction similar cancer is the dubiousness of life writ large. Past listening to those who are tolerating this exaggerated uncertainty, nosotros can acquire much well-nigh the trajectory of living."
- Provides a framework for nurses to sympathise how cancer patients stand incertitude manifested equally a loss of control.
- Provides new noesis on how patients and families endure doubtfulness and work strategically to reduce uncertainty through a dynamic flow of illness events, treatment situations, and varied players involved in intendance organisation.
Georgene Gaskill Eakes, Mary Lermann Burke, and Margaret A. Hainsworth
- Theory of Chronic Sorrow
- "Chronic sorrow is the presence of pervasive grief-related feelings that have been found to occur periodically throughout the lives of individuals with chronic health conditions, their family caregivers and the bereaved."
- This middle-range theory defines the aspect of chronic sorrow equally a normal response to the ongoing disparity created past the loss.
Phil Barker
- Barker's Tidal Model of Mental Health Recovery is widely used in mental health nursing.
- It focuses on nursing'due south fundamental care processes, is universally applicable, and is a practical guide for psychiatry and mental health nursing.
- Draws on values about relating to people and assist others in their moments of distress. The values of the Tidal Model are revealed in the Ten Commitments: Value the voice, Respect the linguistic communication, Develop genuine curiosity, Become the apprentice, Use the available toolkit, Arts and crafts the step beyond, Give the gift of time, Reveal personal wisdom, Know that change is constant, and Be transparent.
Katharine Kolcaba
- Theory of Comfort
- "Comfort is an antidote to the stressors inherent in health care situations today, and when comfort is enhanced, patients and families are strengthened for the tasks ahead. Too, nurses feel more satisfied with the care they are giving."
- Patient comfort exists in 3 forms: relief, ease, and transcendence. These comforts tin can occur in four contexts: physical, psychospiritual, environmental, and sociocultural.
- As a patient's comfort needs modify, the nurse's interventions modify, as well.
Cheryl Tatano Beck
- Postpartum Depression Theory
- "The birth of a infant is an occasion for joy—or so the saying goes […] Merely for some women, joy is non an option."
- Described nursing as a caring profession with caring obligations to persons nosotros intendance for, students, and each other.
- Provides bear witness to understand and foreclose postpartum depression.
Kristen M. Swanson
- Theory of Caring
- "Caring is a nurturing way of relating to a valued other toward whom one feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility."
- Defines nursing as informed caring for the well-existence of others.
- Offers a structure for improving up-to-date nursing practice, didactics, and research while bringing the bailiwick to its traditional values and caring-healing roots.
Cornelia M. Ruland and Shirley M. Moore
- Peaceful End-of-Life Theory
- The focus was non on death itself merely on providing a peaceful and meaningful living in the time that remained for patients and their significant others.
- The purpose was to reverberate the complexity involved in caring for terminally ill patients.
References
Suggested readings and resource for this study guide:
- Alligood, M., & Tomey, A. (2010). Nursing theorists and their work, 7th edition (No ed.). Maryland Heights: Mosby-Elsevier.
- Alligood, M. R. (2017).Nursing Theorists and Their Work-East-Volume. Elsevier Wellness Sciences.
- Barnard, K. E. (1984). Nursing research related to infants and young children. InAnnual review of nursing research (pp. 3-25). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
- Brown, H. I. (1979).Perception, theory, and commitment: The new philosophy of science. University of Chicago Press. [Link]
- Brown M (1964) Research in the development of nursing theory: the importance of a theoretical framework in nursing inquiry. Nursing Research.
- Chinn, P. L., & Jacobs, M. Yard. (1978). A model for theory development in nursing.Advances in Nursing Science,ane(1), 1-12. [Link]
- Colley, Due south. (2003). Nursing theory: its importance to practise. Nursing Standard (through 2013), 17(46), 33. [Link]
- Fawcett, J. (2005). Criteria for evaluation of theory. Nursing scientific discipline quarterly, 18(two), 131-135. [Link]
- Fitzpatrick, J. J., & Whall, A. L. (Eds.). (1996).Conceptual models of nursing: Analysis and application. Connecticut, Norwalk: Appleton & Lange.
- Kaplan, A. (2017).The acquit of research: Methodology for behavioural scientific discipline. Routledge. [Link]
- Meleis, A. I. (2011).Theoretical nursing: Development and progress. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Neuman, B. M., & Fawcett, J. (2002). The Neuman systems model.
- Nightingale F (1860) Notes on Nursing. New York NY, Appleton.
- Peplau H (1988) The art and science of nursing: similarities, differences, and relations. Nursing Scientific discipline Quarterly
- Rogers Thou (1970) An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing. Philadelphia PA, FA Davis.
Source: https://nurseslabs.com/nursing-theories/
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